Utagawa Kuniyoshi (歌川国芳) (artist 11/15/1797 – 03/05/1861)
The Sixth Month (Rokugatsu 六月): Nakamura Utaemon IV as Danshichi Kurobei (団七九郎兵衛) in 'Expanded mirror of Osaka': Zôho Naniwa kagami (増補浪花鑑) from the series Edo meisho mitate jūnikagetsu no uchi (Famous Places in Edo for the Twelve Months - 江戸名所見立十二ヶ月)
08/1852
10 in x 14.75 in (Overall dimensions) color woodblock print
Signed: Ichiyūsai Kuniyoshi ga
一勇斎国芳画
Artist's seal: kiri
Publisher: Yahataya Sakujirō
(Marks 581- seal 01-020)
Carver: Horikō Takichi
Censor seals: Kinugasa & Murata
Waseda University
National Diet Library
Kuniyoshi Project - the full set of 12 illustrated
National Museum of Asian Art Nakamura Utaemon IV as Danshichi Kurobei in Zōho Naniwa kagami, 8/1852 (original printing date), portrayed posthumously from a performance in 7/1845, Nakamura-za, Edo; Series & Print Title: Edo meisho mitate jūnikagetsu no uchi - roku jūni
Background
A real-life slaying in 1698 might have been the wellspring of Danshichi mono (plays about Danshichi), including Zôho Naniwa kagami (Expanded mirror of Osaka). A later murder by a Sakai fishmonger on an Osaka backstreet in 1744 seems to have inspired the celebrated murder scene in the best-known dramatization of the story: Mirror of the Summer Festival in Osaka (Natsu matsuri Naniwa kagami), with performances spanning more than 250 years, continuing unabated today. The first kabuki performance of a Danshichi role took place in 11/1698 in Yadonashi Danshichi (Homeless Danshichi), when the Kyoto-born actor and former professional samisen player Kataoka Nizaemon I (1656-1715), founder of the Kataoka lineage of actors, played Danshichi at the Shioya Kurôemon no Shibai, Osaka. Two years later, in 11/1701, Nizaemon organized a kaomise (face showing or ceremonial opening of the theatre season), with a performance of Yadonashi Danshichi shichinenki (Seventh Death Anniversary, Homeless Danshichi). After Nizaemon’s two performances, the role of Danshichi was established and ripe for transformation in a variety of adaptations.
The scene depicted here is one of kabuki's most famous episodes, the Nagamachi noura no ba (Back Street Scene in Nagamachi). Danshichi has promised to pay 30 ryô (gold coins) to his father-in-law, Giheiji to ransom a friend's lover, the courtesan Kotoura whom Giheiji has kidnapped. Not having the money after Kotoura's release, he hands Giheiji stones wrapped in a cloth. When Giheiji discovers he has been duped, he insults Danshichi mercilessly and strikes him with a sandal, cutting Danshichi’s forehead. As their argument escalates, sounds of revelry can be heard from an approaching Kozū Shrine Festival parade in Dôtonbori, its boisterous music providing an incongruous carnivalesque accompaniment to the action in the gloomy backstreet. Danshichi draws his sword, accidentally cutting Giheiji, who screams, "Murderer!" Overcome with rage, Danshichi, his unknotted hair falling to his shoulders, strips down to a red loincloth, revealing his tattooed body. As he moves in on his prey, Danshichi performs a series of koroshi no mie (murderer's poses) in counterpoint to Giheiji’s displays of panic and supplication. Finally, after asking for forgiveness, Danshichi takes the old man's life with a thrust of his sword. Danshichi then washes splattered blood and Giheiji’s muddy hand prints from his body, using water from a nearby well. He escapes by mingling with the large crowd of festival celebrants.
Design
This print, issued in 8/1852, depicts the Osaka-based actor Utaemon IV (1798-2/1852), shown posthumously in a performance given in 7/1845 at the Nakamura-za, Edo.
Utaemon IV, a superstar in Osaka, spent several periods performing in Edo, including 2/1838-12/1849. Another impression (from the famed B.W. Robinson collection) is illustrated in Schaap: Heroes & Ghosts: Japanese Prints by Kuniyoshi, 1797-1861, no. 179, where the play is misidentified as Yadonashi Danshichi shigure no karakasa. However, the role for that play should be Danshichi Mohei, whereas Danshichi Kurobei is written on Kuniyoshi's print. Also, Schaap refers to the publisher as Hachimanya Sakujirō.
The sword on the right side of the title cartouche alludes to the heirloom sword named "Niji Yoshimitsu." An earlier uchiwa-e (fan picture) portrait by Gountei Sadahide in 1831 depicts Utaemon IV (under his former name, Shikan II) in a similar pose.
This is arguably the best design from the series Edo meisho mitate jûnikagetsu no uchi (Analogue series of famous places in Edo during the twelve months) and one of Kuniyoshi's (1797-1861) most impressive actor portraits. The zooming in on Utaemon IV in mie (climactic display) captures the tension-filled atmosphere of the celebrated murder scene.
This information was taken from John Fiorillo.
****
Prints from the series Selections for Famous Places in Edo in the Twelve Months (Edo meishō mitate jūni kagetsu no uchi 江戸名所見立十二ヶ月の内):
1) The First Month (Shōgatsu 正月) Asakusa (浅くさ) - Onoe Kikugorō IV (四代目尾上菊五郎) as the courtesan Miyagino (宮城野) in the play Go Taiheiki Shiraishi Banashi
2) The Second Month (Nigatsu 二月) Ōji (王子) - Ichikawa Danjūrō VIII (八代目市川団十郎) as Koson's Kingorō (小さんの金五郎) in the play Shinyoshiwara Suzume
3) The Third Month (Sangatsu 三月) Ueno (上野) - Ichikawa Ebizō V (五代目市川海老蔵) as Fuwa Banzaemon (不破伴左衛門) in the play Ukiyozuka Hiyoku no Inazuma
4) The Fourth Month (Shigatsu 四月) Kameido (亀井戸) - Arashi Kichisaburō III (三代目嵐吉三郎) as Teranishi Kanshin (寺西閑心) in an unidentified play
5) The Fifth Month (Gogatsu 五月) Takanawa (高輪) - Iwai Kumesaburō III (三代目岩井粂三郎) as Ofune (おふね) in the play Shinrei Yaguchi no watashi
6) The Sixth Month (Rokugatsu 六月) Sanno Festival (山王御霊社) - Nakamura Utaemon IV as Uoya Danshichi Kurobei in the play Yadonashi Danshichi shigure no karakasa
7) The Seventh Month (Shichigatsu 文月) Sumidagawa (隅田川) - Ichikawa Danjūrō VIII (八代目市川団十郎) as Motome (求女) in the play ImmoImoseyama onna teikin
8) The Eighth Month (Hachigatsu 八月) Main gate of the Yoshiwara - Bandō Shūka I (初代坂東しうか) as Kaku no Kosan (がくの小さん) in an unknown play
9) The Ninth Month (Kugatsu 九月) Sugamo (巣鴨?) - possibly Arashi Rikan III as Tomoe Uchi in an unknown play - the Kuniyoshi Project says the role is that of Chienai (智恵内) - the kanji can be read both ways
10) The Tenth Month (Jūgatsu 十月) Umi Shizuka Tera - Ichikawa Kodanji IV as Asakura in the play Higashiyama Sakura sōshi (東山桜荘子) 11) The Eleventh Month (Jūichigatsu 十一月) Hori no Uchi - Ichikawa Danjūrō VIII (八代目市川団十郎) as Katsuyori in Honchō nijūshikō
12) The Twelfth Month (Jūnigatsu 十二月) Ryōgoku - Bandō Hikasaburō IV as Ōboshi Yuranosuke in the play Yayoi no hana iroha no honsetsu (宿花いろは本説)
****
Illustrated:
1) in color in ‘The beauty of cruelty. The origins of Danshichi and his evolution as a tattooed anti-hero in Natsu matsuri’ by John Fiorillo in Andon 87, December 2009, p. 40.
2) in color in Utagawa Kuniyoshi: 342 Color Paintings [sic] of Utagawa Kuniyoshi by Jacek Michalak, Kindle Edition, 2022, unpaginated.
****
This print also was featured in a Japan Times article entitled 'Japan inked: Should the country reclaim its tattoo culture?' by Jon Mitchell from 2013.
Nakamura Utaemon IV (四代目中村歌右衛門: 1/1836-2/1852) (actor)
Danshichi Kurobei (団七九郎兵衛) (role)
actor prints (yakusha-e - 役者絵) (genre)
mitate-e (見立て絵) (genre)
Yahataya Sakujirō (八幡屋作次郎) (publisher)
Tattoo (genre)